The Population Health Surveillance Strategy NSW 2011 to 2020 provides a comprehensive framework, key objectives, and strategies for the development of surveillance information and knowledge, human capacity, and technical infrastructure. The Strategy identifies four main areas of work: carrying out surveillance that drives the promotion of health and well-being and the response to health risks and inequalities; strengthening surveillance capacity; transforming data into high quality information and knowledge; readiness to monitor new and emerging threats to health. Two principles span all components of the Strategy: the importance of addressing health inequalities in improving population health and reliable measurement and reporting of these inequalities; the importance of high quality and continuous quality improvement in all aspects of population health surveillance.